This is an open letter to the Director of The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It was written by volunteers with The People’s CDC, a CDC watchdog and public health advocacy and health justice group. We’re asking medical, public health, and scientific professionals (defined broadly as having credentials and/or professional/technical experience in related fields) to show their support by signing onto the letter before it is sent and published via this Google form.
The letter and signatures will be shared on our Substack, https://peoplescdc.substack.com/, and via social media channels. If you have any questions or concerns, you can write to us at info@peoplescdc.org.
Mandy Cohen, MD, MPH, Director
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Road
Atlanta, Georgia 30329
Dear Dr. Cohen:
As medical professionals, public health professionals, scientists, and public health advocates, we call on you to fulfill your duty as the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to protect the health and safety of the people by reinstating science-based COVID isolation guidelines with a minimum isolation period of 7 to 10 days. Under the guise of a “simplified” approach, the new isolation guidance,1 published on 3/1/2024, endangers public health by drastically reducing, and in some situations eliminating, COVID isolation.
The CDC’s 3/1/2024 updated COVID isolation guidance is inappropriate for the following reasons:
-
- The infectious period for COVID routinely extends beyond the recommended isolation period.
The CDC’s updated isolation guidelines do not capture the typical length of the infectious period for COVID, which is expected to last around 7 to 10 days, with variability among individuals and viral variants.2 In a study conducted in 2022-2023, the peak median viral load was around day 4 to 5 of symptoms.3 This finding runs counter to the following statement from the CDC’s own background for the updated guidance: “This recommendation addresses the period of greatest infectiousness and highest viral load for most people, which is typically in the first few days of illness and when symptoms, including fever, are worst.”4 An appropriate isolation approach should extend long enough to capture the infectious period for most people and should incorporate a test-based approach for exit from isolation.
The updated isolation guidance places a scientifically unfounded emphasis on fever and other symptoms, which are often absent in COVID patients and are not required for disease transmission. Asymptomatic and presymptomatic infections,5,6 identified through contact tracing and testing, warrant appropriate isolation to prevent transmission. The CDC’s cited references and the broader scientific literature do not support relying on fever and on subjective improvement in symptoms as key indicators of infectiousness. The CDC has a responsibility to formulate policy decisions based on appropriate evidence applied using a precautionary approach. The CDC also has the capability to generate the evidence if it does not exist or is insufficient.
The updated isolation guidance will be used by employers to justify forcing people back to work while they are still contagious and still recovering from their COVID infection.7 The public needs support from the CDC to bolster worker access to and use of paid sick time. The updated guidance makes workplaces, schools, and other public spaces riskier for all people and inaccessible for those who must avoid COVID infection, especially those at high risk of severe COVID,8 those with high risk family members, and members of disproportionately impacted and marginalized communities.9
-
- COVID continues to be a serious threat to health, through both acute infections and Long COVID.
In 2023 alone, COVID killed over 75,000 people in the US.10 We continued to see over 1,000 weekly COVID deaths as of February 10, 2024.10 The risk of Long COVID is about 10% following a single infection.11 As of March 4, 2024, the Census Bureau found 17.6% of US adults reported ever having experienced Long COVID (almost 35 million people12), and 6.7% of US adults are currently experiencing Long COVID.13 COVID is known to commonly cause long-term sequelae across a broad range of organ systems, with repeated infections worsening the effects.14 Vaccination and antiviral treatment are underutilized (see below) and only provide partial protection from Long COVID.11,15 We still lack specific treatments for Long COVID. Due to the ongoing serious risks from both acute infection and Long COVID, preventing new COVID infections through appropriate isolation should be a priority.
-
- Vaccination and antivirals for COVID are underutilized and do not provide complete protection from serious disease.
While vaccination and prompt antiviral treatment can reduce the risk of severe COVID, neither provides complete protection, and both are underutilized. As of February 24, 2024, only 22.2% of US adults16 and 13.1% of children17 have received the 2023-2024 COVID vaccines.
Although rates of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) have slowed since 2020-2021, 112 cases were reported in 2023, with 82.1% of those occurring in unvaccinated children. Among cases in vaccinated children, 60% occurred in children who had not received a booster within the last year.18 The updated guidance will cause more children to be exposed to the virus, particularly in daycare and school settings.
There are significant ongoing barriers to antiviral access for populations at high risk of severe COVID. In a 2023 study, only 31.9% of eligible patients with risk factors for severe COVID were prescribed COVID antiviral therapy.19 In April of this year, one established mechanism for access to timely no-cost testing and treatment with Paxlovid, the NIH-funded “Home Test to Treat” program, will be ending. Rebound infections with or without symptoms20 following antiviral treatment must also be addressed with appropriately precautionary and science-based guidelines. In patients who have been treated for COVID using antivirals, appropriate isolation with a test-based approach to exit from isolation is especially important to reduce the population risk of emergence and spread of treatment-resistant variants.
-
- COVID spreads year-round, unlike influenza and RSV.
Unification of COVID guidance with influenza and other respiratory viruses is inappropriate from an epidemiologic standpoint, as COVID spread continues to occur year-round. Peaks in COVID wastewater and hospitalizations have often occurred in fall-winter but also occur in other seasons (such as April 2021 and July 2022). In a striking contrast to influenza and RSV, there is no season where a near-zero level of COVID wastewater levels or hospitalizations can be observed. The lowest level of weekly COVID hospitalizations within the last year was 6,324 the week of June 24, 2023.21
The CDC has recognized this ongoing year-round risk of COVID in its recommendation from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices that all people aged 65 and older receive another 2023-2024 COVID booster this spring.22 Unified guidance for viruses with differing patterns of spread creates confusion over when to use and how to implement the guidance. Clear, virus-specific guidance is needed for public health professionals, healthcare workers, and community members to understand that they should utilize COVID testing in conjunction with COVID-specific isolation year-round, including outside of the typical fall-winter respiratory viral season.
-
- COVID is a systemic disease with harmful impacts (acute infections and Long COVID) that are greater than influenza and RSV.
Compared to patients hospitalized for influenza, patients hospitalized for COVID experience a higher risk of death, higher risk of long term consequences, and greater reductions in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) overall.23 The incidence rate for COVID also remains higher than influenza and RSV, resulting in a wider effect on the entire population. Considering the impact of acute infections as well as Long COVID, the population level harm is greater for COVID than for RSV and other respiratory viruses.
-
- The isolation update was developed and implemented without appropriate public engagement and without input from a broad range of experts.
The process of updating the COVID isolation guidance was conducted without transparency and without public comment. The agency must make public comment conveniently available to all, and especially including disproportionately impacted and marginalized communities.9 A broad range of expertise must be incorporated into CDC processes and explicitly used in decision-making to ensure that COVID isolation policies protect people and communities, especially those most vulnerable to an infection and consequently Long COVID.
Concluding Remarks:
The above points cite much of the same evidence that is used within the CDC’s own background document; however, our demand for science-based COVID isolation guidelines with a minimum isolation period of 7 to 10 days represents a practical application of the precautionary principle. We urge you to engage the public who are in communities directly affected by these policies, and to correct this guidance and recommit to an agenda that protects population health and promotes policies which enable all people to thrive.
Given the well-established and growing body of evidence of COVID’s harmful and long-lasting impacts, transmission without symptoms, and the duration of infectiousness, we call upon you to correct the agency’s recently announced COVID isolation guidelines and to do so using an open, science and evidence based, precautionary, and consistent approach. Only with a transparent process, meaningful public engagement, and clear prioritization of the public’s health will your agency be able to regain the public’s trust.
Signed,
Expert Signatures (481 total signatures)
Kaitlin Sundling, MD, PhD, Pathologist in Wisconsin
Samuel R. Friedman, Research Professor of Population Health
Shimi Sharief, MD, MPH, Nephrologist and Public Health Physician in Oregon
Zoey Thill, MD, MPP, MPH, Family Medicine Physician in New York
Howard Waitzkin, MD, PhD, expertise in Internal Medicine and Public Health, University of New Mexico; Allende Program in Social Medicine
Andrew Wang, PhD, MPH, expertise in Health Services Research and Health Disparities
Kenichi Okamoto, PhD, expertise in Biology and Infectious Disease Modelling,
Kate Koliha, MSc RN, expertise in Epidemiology
Vera J. Soto, MPA, BA, MPA, expertise in Harm Reduction and Data Analysis
Dr. Alexandra Juhasz, Ph.D., expertise in AIDS cultural history, production, and dissemination, Brooklyn College, CUNY
Danielle Friedman, MD, MBA, expertise in Medicine and Healthcare Economics
Robin W Allison DVM, PhD, Dipl. ASVCP, Veterinary Pathologist, retired
Sandra Levine, MA, expertise in Mental Health and Disabilities
Rev. Dr. Myke Johnson, BA, MDiv, DMin., expertise in Ethics and Religion
Jonathan Bressler, MS, expertise in Public Health Science
Kathy Dervin, MPH, expertise in Environmental Health
Paul Tindall, MPH, CPH, expertise in Epidemiology
Emmeline Kaiser, Bachelor of Science, expertise in Microbiology, Unilever
Heather Tooker-Blue, BS, MS, PhD Epidemiology, Epidemiologist
Christin Cawley, M.A., B.S., expertise in Counseling
Patch Tseng-Putterman, Licensed Clinical Social Worker, expertise in Mental Health
Eric Underwood, Master of Education, expertise in Clinical Medical Research, UPenn
Emily Perkins, PhD, Clinical Psychological Science, University of Pennsylvania
Erica Olson, Advanced Care Paramedic, expertise in Pre-hospital Emergency Medicine
Trude Bennett, DrPH, expertise in Maternal and Child Health, UNC-CH SPH
Robin Kalish, MD, MPH, expertise in Pediatrics
Karl Broman, PhD, expertise in Biostatistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
E. Longmaid III, MD, expertise in Diagnostic imaging, Retired
Kate Horowitz, M.A. in Science and Medical Writing, expertise in Health communications
Dr. Kaiden Price, PhD in Neuroscience , expertise in Neuroscience, Yale University
Christine O’Neill, MMSc, PA-C, expertise in emergency medicine and occupational burnout recovery
Jay A. Gold, MD JD, MPH, expertise in Healthcare Quality Improvement
Teddy Miller, expertise in Health equity
John Steen, Ph.D., expertise in Community Health Planning, American Health Planning Association
Camilla Cracchiolo, RN, expertise in Health education
Vincente Cordero, MPH, BA: Anthropology, expertise in Health Education Science, Community Outreach, and Emergency Response, San Francisco Department of Public Health
Eric Smith, BS, expertise in Indoor Air Quality & Infectious Disease
Jamie Tam, MPH, PhD, expertise in Health Policy, Yale School of Public Health
Joshua N. Friedlander, Psy.D., expertise in Clinical psychology
Lori Nitchals, Retired RN, expertise in Nursing
Susan Gardner, PhD, expertise in Microbiology
Jeoffry B. Gordon, MD, MPH, MD, MPH, expertise in clinical medicine and public health, Marked By COVID
Yonah EtShalom, MSN MPH, expertise in Trans/Nonbinary Health Care; Sexual, Genital, And Reproductive Health Care, Covid and Long Covid With Lived Experience In Long Covid, ME/CFS, POTS, MCAS
Kathleen Kane-Willis , BA, MA, expertise in overdose prevention and drug policy reform, person living with Long COVID and on SSDI
Angela Adler, PhD, M.A., expertise in Disability Inclusion, Researcher on the Creation of Scientific Knowledge
Leslie Rosenthal, MD, expertise in Pediatrics
Dr. Richard Wikander, B.A., B.A., M.S., Ph.D., expertise in Evolutionary Biology, Anatomy, and Medical Research
Annie-Danielle Grenier, B.Sc. Psychology, expertise in Rare Disease Advocacy and Patient Partnership
Barbara Greenfield, RN, BSN, CNLCP, CCM, expertise in Neuro Trauma, ANA
Fiona Black, MD, expertise in Medicine
Alex Fay, BSN, expertise in Community Health Nursing
Fred V. Plapp, MD PhD, expertise in Clinical Pathology, University of Kansas Health System
Amanda Tran, MA, LMFT, expertise in Psychotherapy
Dr. Lorien Lake-Corral, MA, PhD, expertise in Sociology, University of Maine at Augusta
Dr. Steven Anthony Sola , Ph.D., expertise in Clinical Psychology, Clinical Neuropsychology
Laura T Smith RN BSN, BSN, expertise in Nursing
Elizabeth McDermott, RN, BA, BSN, expertise in Public Health and School Nursing
Emily Boundaoné RN , MSN, expertise in Nursing
Lynda Stidham, MD, MD, expertise in Medicine (Pediatrics)
Kevin Gotkin, Ph.D., expertise in Disability Organizing
Karen Walker , RN, CCM, expertise in Disability Medical Consulting
Jennifer Berry, Masters, expertise in Public Health, County Public Health Department
Sylvia Oliver, PhD, Genetics and Cell Biology, expertise in Cancer Biology, Retired
Edith Cohen, Ph.D., expertise in Neuroscience
A.J. Holm, MPH, expertise in Advocacy, Technology and Development
Karyn Pomerantz, MLS, MPH, expertise in Health Literacy
Aric Campling, MS, RN, NI-BC, BSN, MSN, expertise in Nursing and Healthcare IT
Melissa Marver, PhD, MS, expertise in Population Health
Stephanie Voltolin, expertise in Architecture
Dr. Samantha Lattof, PhD, MSc, expertise in Public Health, Maila Health
Susan Bonadonna, MD, expertise in Family Medicine
LAURA Silberstein, Ph.D, expertise in Immunochemistry and Biology
Wayne Westerman, PhD in Electrical Engineering, expertise in PC Fan Air Purifiers, CleanAirKits
Allen Hazard, Masters Degree, expertise in Health, Professor Emeritus, Southwestern College
Constantine Kaniklidis, expertise in Infectious Disease, Member, International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID)
Wendy D Mathias, RN, PHN, PNP, expertise in Pediatrics
Marty Pack, M.A., expertise in Public Health/Public Policy, Wail of a Tale Productions
Jenee Sallee, MSN, NP-C, expertise in Family Medicine
Jessica S. Sachs, MSc in science journalism, expertise in Immunology and Microbiology
Ian Ramdeen, MPP concentration in Health Policy, expertise in Geopatial Analysis and Public Health
Laura L Cole, M.E.M. Biohazard Science, B.S. Pharmacy, expertise in Biohazard Science and Pharmacy
Stephanie Covington, BA, MSW, PhD, expertise in SUD treatment
Shelby Seier, expertise in Accessibility, All Kinds Accessibility Consulting
Kaethe Weingarten, Ph.D., expertise in Mental Health
Jane Westerby, BS, MBA, expertise in Personal Training for seniors, NSCA
Andrea Lyman, M.D., M.Sc., M.S., expertise in Public Health, General Preventive Medicine, and Primary Care
Maggie Rosenbloom, LICSW, MSW, expertise in Social Work
Maria Luz Lara-Marquez, MD, PhD, expertise in Allergy and Immunology, Private Allergy and Immunology practice
Maura McLaughlin, MD, family physician,
Eric Weber, Master of Architecture and Environmental Design, expertise in Indoor air quality , University of Arizona
Dorie Klein, Ph.D., expertise in Substance Use Policy Research, consultant
William Butler, BS, MBA, Public Water Operator (NH), expertise in Public Water Small Systems,
Rita Dinser, RN, expertise in Infection Control
Ricardo Ismach, MD, MPH, expertise in Emergency Medicine and Epidemiology
KC Holeyfield, MD, expertise in Anesthesiology
Kira Meskin Schiff, OTD, OTR/L, CAPS, ECHM, ADAC, expertise in Inclusive Emergency Management, Progress Center for Independent Living
Kirsten Held, M.S. Environmental Science, expertise in Lead Poisoning Prevention
Claudia Pollet, MD, MPH, expertise in Communicable Diseases,
Michael Pollatsek MD, BA Harvard, MD Harvard, expertise in Psychiatry
Elizabeth Oram RN, NP, expertise in Geriatrics
Di Schempp, RN, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Nursing, expertise in Reproductive & Sexual Health
JP Smith, MSW, expertise in HIV and STI
Franny Eanet, MS, MA, expertise in Health Services Research, UMass Chan Medical School
Karoline Gostl, MSTOM, Licensed Acupuncturist
Dr. Adriana Garriga-Lopez, PhD in Anthropology, expertise in Medical Anthropology, University of Puerto Rico
Beth Garaas Isley, BS, MT, SM, CLS (ASCP), expertise in Clinical Microbiology
Hayward C Maben III M.D., expertise in Pediatric Anesthesiology
Debbie McGee, RN, expertise in Nursing
Barbara C. Wallace, PhD, PhD, expertise in Health Disparities, Professor Emerita of Health Education, Teachers College, Columbia University
Linda Sommers, RN, BSN, BA, expertise in Corporate Health, Premise Health
Lara Niederhauser, BS, CHES, expertise in Public Health
Cindy Nelson, Registered Dietitian, expertise in Dietetics
Stephen Oross III, Ph.D. Heart Transplant Patient, Professor of Experimental Psychology, Ph.D., expertise in Public Health
Susan Conant, EdD, expertise in Writing
Rita Lewis, B.S.N. / PHN (retired), expertise in Utilization Review, Evidence Based Practice, Case Management, Correctional Nursing
Kelly Thompson, LCSW, expertise in Social Work
Daniel C. Best OD, Optometry, expertise in Eye Health
Brian Wood MD, Professor of Pediatrics, expertise in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, FAAP
Caroline Blanchard, M. Psych., expertise in Developmental Psychology (retired),
Dr. Wendy Upadhyay, PsyD, expertise in Clinical Psychology, Psychology Associates, LLP
Fern Viridian, expertise in Air Quality/Ventilation/PPE, Pomegranate Medical
Mia Pinto-Ochoa, Acute Care Nurse Practitioner, expertise in Internal Medicine and Perioperative Medicine, Kaiser Permanente
Marc Heller, MD, FACOG, expertise in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Shana Bates, RN, ND, 30 years of expertise in nursing
Carol Miller, MPH, expertise in Public Health
Victoria Wu, Ph.D., expertise in Clinical Psychology
Charleen Krueger, BS Ed, MS Ed, ASN, expertise in Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, Community Health, APIC
Jillian Allibone, expertise in Social Work, Public Health
Suzan Walters, PhD, expertise in Research at a Major Medical School
Ellen Isaacs, MD, expertise in Internal Medicine, Cardiology
Daniel Yusupov, MD, expertise in Neurology
Anna White, MS, expertise in Mental Health
Steven Joyal, MD, allopathic medical degree (Dartmouth/ Brown ’93), expertise in Internal medicine, Chief Medical Officer, Life Extension, Inc.
Chris Herman (she/her), MSW, LICSW, expertise in Gerontological Social Work,
Rosa Ramos, MD, expertise in Diagnostic Radiology
Jon Rosenberg, MD, 45 years expertise in public health, 35 years expertise in HAI prevention, California Department of Public Health (Retired)
Dr Jonathan Fluxman, MRCGP, expertise in Family Medicine and mode of transmission of COVID-19
Rita Valenti RN, RN, expertise in Registered Nursing, People’s CDC
Debra Balke, MD, Pediatric Neurologist, Child Neurology of SLO
Stephanie Daumas, B.A., M.A., expertise in Mental Health Counseling, Neuroqueer Inclusive Counseling, PLLC
Carolyn F Nemec MD, MD, IFMCP, expertise in Women’s Health
Dean Maxwell, LICSW, Master’s in Clinical Social Work, expertise in Mental Health with a Strong Focus on Chronic Illness and Disability, Disability Justice, Social Work
Stephen Christensen, PhD, expertise in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Immunology
Karen Kauffeld, BSN, Retired
Gilberto Ramos, MD, expertise in Diagnostic Radiology,
Pat M, Associate Degree Applied Science X2, expertise in Nursing, radiographer, ARRT
Zachary Barrett, Master of Social Work, expertise in Social Work
Debbie Brothers, BSN, School Nurse
Linda D Green, MD, expertise in Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology and Anti-Racism in Public Health, PanEndIt, APHA
Ali Lubbers, PT, DPT, expertise in Physical therapy
Jan Willer, Oh.D., expertise in Clinical Psychology
Cara Dyer, MSc, expertise in Public Health Research and Dissemination,
Robert A Hall, MD, BA, expertise in Geriatric Medicine
Rhea Finn, Doctorate of Pharmacy, expertise in Pharmaceuticals
Finlay Sarafa McHale, BA, LCSW, expertise in Clinical Social Work
Desiree O. Abu-Odeh, PhD, MPH, expertise in Public Health
Taryn Gillies, PhD, expertise in Molecular and Cellular Biology
Anisha Sekar, expertise in Long COVID
Laura Balascio, BS Microbiology, expertise in Food and Pharmaceutical Industries,
Janette L. Funk, PhD, MA, expertise in Psychology
Dr. Jill Rawlings, Ph. D., expertise in Biochemistry
George Friou, MPH, expertise in Public Health, Administrator
Christina Georgeff, ADN, expertise in Nursing
Jennifer Storey, TM, expertise in Tibetan Medicine, Autoimmunity and PANS/PANDAS
Timothy Frasca, MPH, expertise in Health Communications
Jennifer Webster , MPH, expertise in Public Health
Gwen D’Arcangelis, PhD, expertise in Social Studies of Medicine, Skidmore College
Deborah Socolar, MPH, expertise in Health Policy/Access to Care
Elle K. Pierce, BSN, RN, CPN, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Bachelor of Science in Business, expertise in Pediatric Nursing and Infectious Disease,
Serena Barton, MS, expertise in Mental Health
Dr. Kara O’Neal, Doctorate in Immunology and Microbiology, expertise in Immunology
David W. Goldman, M.D., expertise in Family Practice
Allison Taylor, RN, BA, BSN, expertise in Pediatrics
Jerry D. Smilack, M.D., B.A., M.D., expertise in Infectious Diseases
Kim Barosh, BA, CVT, expertise in Veterinary medicine
Jack Ball, DO, expertise in Family Medicine
Brittany Walling, MPH, CHES, Master’s in Public Health, expertise in Harm Reduction and Epidemiology
Anne-Marie Read, Ph.D., expertise in Leadership and Change Processes, Long Covid Families
April Lowell, PhD in Cellular and Molecular Biology, expertise in Cellular Signaling and Antibody assays, Cell Signaling Technology
Grace Kistner, RN, PDTNc, MMHA, BSBA, BSN, CCRN, CSSLHPM, Nursing,
William Alford, BSEE, MSEE, 25 year neuroscience scholar
Cara V, PharmD, expertise in Pharmacy
Crystal Miller, Patient Advocate
Erica Harmon, MSW, expertise in Mental Health
Kimra Ross, M.D., expertise in Pediatrics
Alston C Lundgren, MD, expertise in Family Practice, Allergies, and Industrial Hazards
JM, Bachelor of Science in Engineering, Princeton University, expertise in Radiology Informatics
Jill Riera, MA, CHES, MA Health Education, Certified Health Education Specialist, Adjunct Prof. Public Health
Peggy H Molloy, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, expertise in Infectious Diseases,
Pamela Summit MD, expertise in Psychiatry
Nic Tobin, Bachelor’s of Science in Clinical Laboratory Science, MLS(ASCP)CM, Medical Laboratory Scientist, Microbiologist, MLS(ASCP)CM, Michigan Medicine (University of Michigan Health System)
Kelly George, RN, expertise in Nursing
Rhea Sellitto, B.S. Biology, EMT
Susan Levenstein, MD, ABIM, expertise in Internal Medicine and Epidemiology
Deborah Santor, M.S.W., P.A., expertise in Medicine and Public Health
Peter Woods, BSN, MSN, expertise in Primary Care
Luc Bherer MD, Occupational Medicine specialist
Susan Fisk, M.Ed, MBA, expertise in Medical Communications
Victor Yim, M.D., expertise in Medicine including Eye Surgery
Julie Lam, Founder, MaskTogetherAmerica, MFA, expertise in Creative Writing, COVID-19 Advocacy, and Communication; MaskTogetherAmerica
Sarah Jean Barton, ThD, MS, OTR/L, BCP, expertise in Occupational Therapy, Duke University
Maren Spolum, MPH, MPP, Public Health PhD candidate, University of Michigan
Dr. David J. Heeger, PhD, expertise in Neuroscience, New York University
ennifer Smietana, JD, expertise in Biomedical ethics
ShannaLee Horvik, expertise in Public Health Communications
Stephen Macknik, PhD, Ophthalmology, Neurology, Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University
Meghan S. Harris, MPH, expertise in Data Science/Epidemiology
Virginia Adams O’Connell , PhD, expertise in Medical Sociology, Moravian University
Andrea Still, Bachelor of Science in Public Health Education, Care Provider, Oregon Home Care Commission
Madelaine Matej MacQueen, PhD, expertise in Public Health Policy,
Christina Lee, MPH, expertise in Public health
Jessica Offir, Ph.D., expertise in Non-Pharma. Health Risk Intervention, Retired
Sheri Greenspan, Masters of Science – Biology, expertise in Teaching
Claudia Megaro, RN, expertise in Nurse
Jean Schensul, Ph.D., expertise in Public Health Research, Institute for Community Research
Liz Allen, BFA, Masters in Occupational Therapy, expertise in Pediatric Occupational Therapy
Brianne Foulker ARNP
Kathleen O’Connell, MPH
Emily Etzkorn, MPH
Susan Foster, RN, CEN
Lili Velez, Ph.D. – 30 years scientific and medical communications
Thomas Konrad, Ph.D.
Matthew Adlai-Gail, Masters
Nancy J. Smyth, PhD
Barbara Greenfield, RN, BSN, CCM, CNLCP
Matthew Bear-Fowler, Disability advocate
Isabella Ramirez de Arellano, MA, BA, Public Health and Disability Justice Researcher
Harry Hochheiser, Phd, Associate Professor, Biomedical informatics, University of Pittsburgh
Cameron Richardson, B.S., Environmental Scientist conducting research on infrastructural controls of airborne pollutant/virus spread
Michelle Miyagi, RN, COVID-19 Longhauler Advocacy Project
Adam J. Moore, MPH, expertise in Infectious Disease
Rebecca Barrett-Fox, PhD, PhD, expertise in Health Equity
Cheyenne, Psychology bachelor’s and internationally certified neuromuscular massage therapist, expertise in Rehabilitative massage
J. Claudia Rios, BS Biology; MS Nutritional Science, expertise in Nutrition; Nutrition & HIV
Professor Dr Andrew Parker, MA PhD ScD, expertise in Physiology, Oxford University
Leland Perzanowski, BSN, expertise in Adolescent Specialty and Primary Care
Trude Bennett, MPH, DrPH, expertise in Public Health/Maternal and Child Health, UNC Chapel Hill
Joshun Dulai, Master of Public Health, expertise in 2SLGBTQIA+ Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto
Erica A. Newman, PhD, expertise in Biology/Ecology, University of Texas at Austin
Isabel Nelson, BA, MPH, expertise in Social Determinants Of Health, Data Analytics, NYU Langone
Diana Romero, PhD, MA, expertise in Public Health Research, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy
Walter Tsou, MD, MPH, expertise in Public Health
Emily Hurster, MSW, expertise in Medical Social Work
Marisa La Piana, LCSW, expertise in Mental health
Chelsea Alvarado, MD, expertise in Medicine
Lauren Alegre, BS, expertise in Disability Justice
Hayong Lau, BA in Marketing, expertise in Chinese medicine
Jessica Ziehl, MA, expertise in Mental health
Jane Evered, PhD, RN, expertise in Patient Experience Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Dr. Meredith Lum, DVM, expertise in Veterinary Medicine
Steven Allen, MD, expertise in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology,
Jessica Peacock, PhD, MA, Physical Activity in Public Health Specialist (PAPHS), Shenandoah University
Laurie Shimmin Zimmer, RN, BSN, expertise in Medical Settings,
Emily Edelman, Bachelors of social work, masters of social work, expertise in Psychotherapy
Michelle Orengo-McFarlane, MD, expertise in Family medicine
Thomaston, R.N., expertise in PACU Care
Franklin Mabel, expertise in Community health
Joanne Ahola, MD, DLFAPA, M.D., expertise in Psychiatry and Human Rights
Olivia Marie, Masters of counseling, expertise in Trauma healing and chronic illness
Denise Cedar RDN, BS in Nutrition and Dietetics, Specialty in Diabetes and GI Disease, licensed RDN, Nutrition
Heather Bregger, MSW, expertise in Mental Health
Erica Victoria, MSW, MA , expertise in Mental Health and Disability Justice
Bettina Manuel, B.A., M.S, Speech and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University
Robert R Estrada, MD MPH, MD, MPHPP, expertise in Occupational Medicine, Toxicology, Infectious Disease, Travel Medicine., Managing Physician, Occupational Health Services, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (retired.)
Deborah Wallace, Ph.D., expertise in Disease Ecology, retired from Consumers Union
Allison Taylor, RN, BSN, Pediatric nurse
Deb Robarge, BSN, RN, NCSN, BSN, expertise in School Health, Indiana Association of School Nurses
Anthony Y, MPH, expertise in Epidemiology
Ann Marie Faust, PhD, expertise in Molecular Biology
Sallay Kallon, BA, expertise in Infectious Disease, Immunology, and T cell biology
Sarah, BS, JD, expertise in Bioethics
Nina Gonzales, DNP, MSN-Ed, BSN, RN, Nurse Practitioner
Ursula Tooley, Ph.D., expertise in Neuroscience
Sherry Ward, PhD, MBA, EMS, expertise in Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and In Vitro Toxicology, BioTred Solutions
Alison T. Brill, MPH, MPH, expertise in Community health
Tami Regan, RN, CHT-CNO, expertise in Telephone Triage
Bianca D. Rivera, MPH, DrPHc, expertise in Epidemiology
James Morris, PhD , expertise in Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance
Susan McNamara, MD, expertise in Psychiatry
Robert E. Oshel, Ph.D., expertise in Medical Professional Regulation, Discipline, and Malpractice
Dr. Anastasia Zink, PhD, expertise in Neuroscience
Christie Cotcher, Master’s of Arts in Educational Counseling and Psychology, BA in psychology, AA in Liberal Arts and Psychology, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in CA, expertise in Therapy/Counseling/Mental Health as a LMFT
Yanling Yu, Ph.D, expertise in Patient Safety, Washington Advocates for Patient Safety
Dr Tiffany Hughes-Eagen M. D., Community Psychiatrist
Alabún’mí A.M. Jones, MS, Human Services Administration, AM Social Services Administration (MSW), expertise in Mental health
Susan Mitchell, MPH, expertise in Public Health
Jane Zill, Master of Science in Social Work, expertise in Mental Health
Lisa McGiffert, BA, expertise in Medical Harm, including Health Care Acquired Infections. I represent my patient-centered organization as a CDC HICPAC liaison, Patient Safety Action Network
Lars Aanning, MD, General Surgery, Retired
Dana Ludwig, M.D., expertise in General Medicine and Data Science
Dr. Mark Staebler, BA, Harvard PhD, Stanford, expertise in Long Term HIV
Merrit Koskelo MD PHD, Physician Scientist
Anna Cupito, MPH, expertise in Health Policy and Health Equity, University of Michigan alumna
Natasha Dang, M.D., expertise in Internal Medicine
Cynthia Millin, MD, physician
Matthew Trower, MSW Candidate, Community Mental Health
Sadaf Ajani, expertise in Public health and Community Health
Shana Bates, RN, ND
Lauri Appelbaum, MSW , expertise in HIV/AIDS and Aging
Holly S Harris, M.S., expertise in Rehabilitation Counseling: All Areas of Congenital and Acquired Disabilities, San Diego State University – retired professor/advisor
E.S.Greenhouse, Masters Theological Studies – Harvard, Disability Activist/Podcaster, Podcast- On Becoming Physically Disabled in America
Renee T. Despres, PhD, MPH, expertise in Health Systems and Policy; Health Humanities; Health Journalism; Public Health Preparedness and Response,
Sam Sharpe, B.A. Biology, PhD Candidate, expertise in Biology, Health Equity for Transgender and Intersex populations, InterConnect
Monica VanBuskirk, MBA, expertise in Health Policy, Meapta Inc
Maureen Benjamins, PhD, expertise in Epidemiology
Jack Ringhand, MPH, RN, expertise in Healthcare Policy
Devin Quinn, expertise in Advocacy
Gisa Dang, MA, expertise in Health and Human Rights
Deckert, MD, MPH, Preventive Medicine and Public Health,
Molly Downhour, BSN, MHA, expertise in Clinical research
Nathan Downhour, PharmD, expertise in Clinical Pharmacy, Prime Therapeutics
Denise Hodson, B.S.N., L.S.N. , B.S.N., L.S.N. , expertise in Nursing
Dr Deborah Hayes, MBBS, FRACP, DDU, Physician, Public Health Officer in State Government COVID branch
Rebecca Edwards, PharmD, BCCP, BCAP, expertise in Clinical Pharmacy
Caitlin Brady, DPT, expertise in Physical Therapy, Fox Rehabilitation
Elaine Reale, PharmD, Bachelor’s in Pharmacy, Retired Hospital Clinical Pharmacist
Michael Moore, MSN, NP-C, RN, Nurse Practitioner
Virginia Lee, Bachelor of Arts, expertise in COVID Case Investigation since September 2020
Tiffany Hughes-Eagen, M.D., expertise in Community Psychiatrist
Gretchen Clarke, MPH, expertise in Public Health
Christopher Reif, MD,MPH,MA, expertise in Family Medicine, Community Health, and Health Equity, Community University Health Care Center
Rebecca Ancira Robertson, BA, Researcher, LCAP
Marisa La Piana, MSW
Rebecca Loq, BS, Masters of Public Health (MPH), Community Health Worker (CHW)
Frank Blancero, expertise in Pandemic Response, Emergency Management, Public Health Messaging
Greta Fox, FNP-BC
Robin Kalish, MD MPH, Pediatrics
Danielle Tipping, Psy.D.
Shana C. Bates, RN ND
Vera Soto, MPA, Public Health Advocate
Caelum AHearn, MA
Rita Ryan, M.A., R.D.H
Sara Azzam, PhD
Sean Thompson, MS, MPH
Meghan Pierce, Ph.D.
Christin Cawley, M.A.
Allen Hazard, Master’s degree
Jack Mohr, MA
Steven Anthony Sola, Ph.D.
Joyce Lee, MD
Andrew Armenta – Biomedical Engineer
Lisa Morrow, DNP, FNP, RN
Sandra Wicks, BSN, RN
Sharon Smith, PsyD (retired neuropsychologist)
Judith Schultz, RN, MS
Roy Kaplan MD. Internal Medicine /Endocrinology
Tina A. Dobsevage, MD,FACP
Katherine Barrett, PhD
Margaret C Fernald, PhD, Psychologist and Disability Advocate for 40 years
Mariam Rahman, Ph.D., Clinical Psychologist
Noha Aboelata, MD, CEO, Roots Community Health
Elizabeth Dewey MD, Family Medicine Physician
Diana Donnelly-Roberts, PhD
Joshua Dickerson, MD-PhD
Ellen Pashall, MD
Renee Kleppe-Bach, Occupational Therapy
Hil O’Connell, BA, LGBTQ Health Educator & Researcher
Carrie Langner, PhD
ROBERT A HALL, MD
Renee T Despres, PhD, MPH
Cara Dyer, MSc
Anne-Marie Read, PhD, Research Consultant for Long Covid Families
Mary Magee, Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Yvette Feis, Ph.D.
Julie Tilsen, PhD
Kendra Craven MA; former healthcare worker and health professions advisor
Pamela Hastings OTR/L
Genevieve Drutchas, MA Adlerian Psychotherapy
Claudia A. Pollet, MD, MPH
Chari Cortez, B.S. Microbiology/Tropical Medicine, PhD (ABD) Immunology
Kim F. Rhoads, MD, MS, MPH, Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Founder of Umoja Health Bay Area
Junie Svenson, MPH
Keely Lawrence, Bachelors in Psychological Science
Michaela Brennan, BSN, MPH
Leah Strock Family Nurse practitioner
Laura T Smith RN BSN
Howard Ehrman, MD, MPH
Corey Miller, MHS
Sherema Thomson, expertise in Utilization Nursing
Kirsten Held, B.S in Biology, M.S. Environmental Science
Franny Eanet, MS, MA
Ellen M Wuertz RN MPH
Jennifer Caldararo, MSW, Project Manager for clinical management research
Tina Castañares, MD
Elizabeth McDermott, BSN, RN, NCSN
Rebecca Spizzirri, PhD, Licensed Psychologist
Mitzie McElhaney, RN
Rebekah Dubrosky, PhD, RN
Leah Meredith, MPH
Pete Dickman, BS Biology
Laurel Harris DVM
Sara C. Doan, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Experience Architecture, Michigan State University
Jane Brod, Retired Psychologist
DeLong, Mask Bloc Orange County
John Vullo, Masters, Certified Rehabilitation Counselor, Licensed Mental Health Counselor (NY)
Charleen Krueger BSEd RN, Infection Prevention & Control, Hospitals & Surgery Centers
Maxwell Sullivan RN, BSN
Peggy Molloy, RN
Sue Greene. M.S., M.A.
Dayna Hon, LPN
Steven Joyal, MD
Michael Craft, RT(R)(CT)(MR), 17 years in diagnostic imaging
Debra Robarge BSN RN NCSN
Catherine DeLorey, RN, DrPH, President Women’s Health Institute
Ann Bristow, Ph.D., Clinical Psychology, Public Health Advocate
Heidi Weidele, MPH
Kathryn Kieran, MSN, RN, PMHNP-BC
Dean J.Carroll, MPH, OTR/L
Dale E Potter, DDS, MPH
Thomas Glendon LCSW
Bonnie Gorman RN
Alberta Laktonen, MD
John D. Holst, D.Ed.
Kaitlin Martin, expertise in HIV
Dr. Francois M. Guillot, Senior Research Engineer
Mia Pinto-Ochoa, MSN, AGACNP-BC
Stephanie Cartwright-Karlsson, MA, MSW, LICSW, Psychotherapist
Christopher L. Laine, PhD
Tamara Arntzen, M.A., M.A.T.
Judith Bloom, R.N.
Loretta L Khangura, MPH, BSN
Megan Rei, MPH
Dana Ludwig, M.D.
Sally Greenhouse, MTS, MFA
Imran McGrath, BS, MS
Adary Zhang, MPH
Michael Torrest,M.D.,Emergency Medicine
Constantine Kaniklidis, Research Director, No surrender Breast Cancer Foundation
Susan McNamara, MD
Michelle Mc Abee, MPH
Erin Frazee, Imaging Research Specialist
Stacey Windhorst, BSN, RN of >8 years experience including the ICU 2020-2021
Jaya Virmani, M.D. Internal Medicine
Kathleen Salak, FNP (retired)
Rebecca Kane, MA, CCC-SLP
Carmella Cole, Registered Nurse
Esther Kim, LMHC, Licensed Mental Health Counselor
Eileen Rodriguez, expertise in Counseling
Rachel Silverman, PhD, Epidemiologist & Research Scientist
Gillian Schivone, MD, MS, OB-GYN with a masters in epidemiology and clinical research
Zachary Barrett, MSW, Social Worker with 15 years of experience in Long Term Care
Sandra Levine, MA in counseling
Grayson Schultz, MS, Disability Advocate
Abi Fergus, Master of science
Jackson Higginbottom, MPH, Clinic Director with 5 years of experience in community-based vaccine communications
Cheryl Keller, Ph.D., Research Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Kelly-Anne Bryan, RN
Jacqueline Lieske, Public Health Advocate, Hudson Valley Foundation for Youth Health
Cynthia Mahoney, MD, Internist, Clinical Associate Professor, Stanford University School of Medicine (ret)
Alicia Powell, M.D., Psychiatrist in public sector practice for over 30 years
Michelle Breitwisch, PharmD
Shelley A Ingram, BSW MSW
Omar Elganzouri, Medical Student
Alex Iling, HIV Care Coordinator
Jay Hawkshead, DrPH
Haley Matherly, M.S. Environmental Science
Shree H Thaker, PhD Global Health Policy, 12 years experience in disability healthcare communications
Michael Jacobs, PhD
Angela Duke, MD, MPH
David B. Alpern, M.D., Board Certified Internal Medicine
Kate Schnabel, MSW
Senila Yasmin, MPH, Public Health Advocate
Ben Schoenbachler, M.D.
Jacky Nakamura, expertise in Labor Unions representing Public Health Workers
Roselie Bright, ScD (Doctor of Science in Epidemiology), FDA Epidemiologist, Retired
Anna Wentz, MPH, PhD
Sarah Tran, Medical Student at Tufts University School of Medicine
Thria Margareth Bonifacio Bernabe, BSN, RN
Andrea Madsen, Masters of Social Work
Emi Kane, Public Health Advocate and Co-Director (Long COVID Justice)
Bee Keyser, Clinical Social Worker, Neighborcare Health
Tekhara Watson, expertise in Mental Health
Laura Klein, BA in Neuroscience
Karen Walker, Registered Nurse and Certified Case Manager
Sylas Wright, MSW, LICSW, medical social worker with over 10 years of experience in HIV field
James Sessford, PhD, Postdoctoral Fellow
Isabel Slingerland, MPH
Voula O’Grady, Public Health Advocate & Organizer, Long COVID Justice & Strategies for High Impact
Camellia Lee, Chinese medicine practitioner and student
Corey Sukalich, B.S., Disability Advocate and Patient with 15 years of experience in study and treatment of Post-Viral Sequelae
Lisa Geiszler, Public Health Advocate (Solve ME & ME Action)
Public Signatures (1229 total signatures)
Pamela Lewis
Lev Olsen
Melissa Cochran
Olivia Tewksbury
Michael Joseph
Dick Conoboy
Kelly Krantz
Tyrrel O’Neal
Rena Medow
Matt Sernett
Christina Moore
Janine Ryan
Christine Solazzo
Eric Sheffield
Ashley Hess
Jeff Cubeta
Jenny O’Connell
Sarah Cahill
Deborah Mills
Denise Kornblatt
Joe Sheridan
Virginia Mohlere
Elizabeth Panetta
Dorothy Bauhoff
Jonathan Goldner
Yasmin Nair
- MacNabb
Evan R Sachs
Lynn Coville
Bridget O’Donohue
Maya Murphy
Emma B
Kate Hedrick
Sara Belyea
Nathaniel Lenington
Melissa Minkoff
H Bertman
Amanda C
Emily
Roxy Radclyffe
Susan Kason
Allana Bowen
Carime de la Rosa
Alli Graff
Melissa Mackey
Patty
M.Masini
Nicole Orabona
Cathy Camper
Kate Alber
Alaiya Cave
Seven Blond
David Ruder
Leon G Scroggins III
Hans Lindahl
tamara rodriguez reichberg
Kevin M. Maloney
Dr. Sarah Hamilton
Hannah
karen burke
Cindy Shyr
Dr. Life LeGeros
Melanie Sonsteng-Person
Christie Salema
Peter Millar
Heidi Kushious
Letitia Dace
Jessica McCollum
Kristin Entler
Corina Weidinger
Rebecca T.
Renee Arnett
Barbara Kantor
Eryn Wuesthoff
Claire McBroom
angie perry
Dr. Howard Fredrics
Lisa Revette
Katie Steele
Alicia Chastain
Jessica Janett
Annie Boyer
Sue, M.S., M.A.
Eliza, MSW
Natalie, BA, MAMFT, LMFT
Ellen, PhD
David A., MD, Internal Medicine
Anita, Masters of Science Nutrition, Registered Dietitian
Kari Litteer
Karen Schnieders Dailey
Grace Heneghan
Jeffrey A. Clark
Aimee Martin
Rousz DeLuca
nicole georges
Kelsey Baker
Melanie Gipson
Cheri Pollack
Bonnie Smith
Maia Mares
Amy Stringer
Kendall Meador
Lauren Eve Tejeda
David B. Dolnick
cade beck
Jocelyn Tello
Anjana Mebane-Cruz
Merith Weisman
Larissa Trygg
Patricia Martin
Thomas Gokey
Orion Johnstone
Cathleen Mahome
Irina Malinow
J Hensley
Stacy L. Rilea, Ph.D.
Jasmin Smith
Casey Wait
Michele K. Burris
Rachel Mielke
Debra Cutler
Miranda
Carmella Cole
Amy Madden
Pamela MacKay
Lauren Bruno
Isaac M.
Deborah Dillon
Gesine Lohr
Anna Pakman
Leonardo A Warnick
James MacKay
Stella Scali Krone
Raj Chaklashiya
Emily Mervosh
Forest McDonald
Kimberly Dilts
Melody Condon
Krista EDuarte
Zanne deJanvier
Makeba Lavan
Emma Rinker
Anastasia Baranowska
Charles Scott
Jon Krampner
Kelly Tuttle
Diane Walker
Mary Silverman
Alan Weisheit
David E Pike
John Hondrogen
Wendy Shields
Al Malecha
mimi ganger
Natalie Nielsen
Barbara McKay
Catherine Hays
Mary Benham
Barbara Clark
Melissa Maune
Gretchen Seichrist
Kayla Jones
- Pascal
Melanie Saeck
River Fiocco
Margaret Becksvoort
Beth Labush
Cameron McCuen
rebecca snyder
Susan Marcus
roberta pyzel
Fred Goetz
Carol McCarthy
Victoria Goodwin
Heather Wylie
Caitlin McAuliffe
Michael Jusko
Sydney Seewald
Cort Majkrzak
Rainee R.
Graham Dunkle
Beth W
Carolyn D. Wember
Tay MacIntyre
Peg Blechman
Sarah Scott
Isabella Baldauf
Tatiana Henry
Kirsten Schmitt
Michael A. Weeks
Genevieve Drutchas
Nika
Stacy
Jordan McClure
Rachael Shapiro Majka
Michela Gray
Jennie Thai
Caitlin Lawson
Jenn Newman
Barbara Phinney
Lauren Galant Rurkowski
Holly Lewandowski
Sarah Borger
Tiff McGinnis
Christine Talbot
Lewis
Micaela Evans
Donna Burrell
Jocelyn Gandolfi
Charles Dietrick
carolyn weaver
Minou Pourshariati
Adriana Smith
Amanda Habel
Alice Snyder
Sam Knight
Brenna Lemieux
Jerielle Morwitz
Catherine Kemp
April Smith
Clare Venus
Adriane Reesey
Angela Watrous
Sherell Johnson
Andrea Taglieri
Tasha Crandall
Romunda Ekstein
Susan Musche
Marisa Brunelli
Melissa Lawrence
Maddie
Allison
Nicole Johnson
John R Roten
Julia Saltz
Danielle Boyd
Kate Strolle
Joey Pincus
Kathy Hardy-Crittenden
Nicole Leadley
Livka Y. Farrell
Rosemary
Nathan Jordan
Cait Wallace
Kay Kopatich
June Dey
Claire
Darlene Yamrose
Jennifer Johnson
Karnan
Carole Sturgis
Martha McGhee
Sharona
Kristle Kalinowski
M O
Melissa Kayser
Lisa Bolin
scott herrick
Amy Blackwood
Darlene Dech
Dirk Durant
Nina Coil
Devon Parson
Deborah Parker
Gina T
Jeremy
Ryan
Joanna Rives
Cheryl Mayer
Hannah Harris
Stephen Sciscento
Susannah Robichaux
Henry Venneman
Marissa Osman
Denise Cedar
Barbara Joyce
Daphnee Venneman
James Burvant
Paul M. Dunn
Susan Wehrle
Blair Childs-Biscoe
Anne Petto
Alison Mahoney
Lisa McCluer
Rhonda Heatley
Sami Schalk
Bridget O’Brien
Heatherington
Elena Buck
Shirley G. Keaough-Peterson
Randy Walton
Arianne True
Barbara Drake
Steph Emerich
Theo Solari
Traci Oberle
Nicole Russell
Diane Adkin
Jessi Presley-Grusin
Mary Moltmann, Ph.D.
Lindsey Maraskine RDH
Robin Saunders
Zoya Melkova
John Earl
Kristina Golden
Meyers, PhD
Antoinette Luzano
Bujes
Kathryn Pitroff
Phoebe Sanders
Augustin Kendall
Rob Renzetti
Alex
Stephanie Peralta
Forrest Dillon
David Foss
Ana Theys
Laureen Allen
Mark Johnson
Megan Riordan
M Aube
Danielle
Heather H
Ginger
Rebekah Kubla
Martha Flores-Olivas
Brian Lee
John M Ector
Sovoya D
K Wiggins
Mary Sandstrom
Anne Williams
Todd & Ellie Czerner
Christina Terry
Jennifer Seline
Valerie B
Tyler Jones
Lisa Lindahl
Ellen Kessler
Stephanie Delia
Mark Jones
Makenzie Belmore
Nelly
Taylor
Diane Guernsey
Barbara Kelly
Demetri D. Debe
CJ Tran
Lucia Calderon Arrieta
Darian Jalene
Amy Ludeman
Veronica
Reginald Evans
Jae Foxglove
Maddie Dugan
Travis Proffitt
Rafael Roden
Brianna Pickett
Angela G
Lucy Honold
Keana wesenberg
Rachel
Heidi L Sherer
Kennedy Aragon-Scriven
Hannah Halpern
Cristie
Jinny Karstenson
Maeve Sherry
James Cameron
Ariana Berglind
SJ Stephens
Kristen Alexander
Kobe Saunders
Epiphany Love
Charlie Liu Guillotin
Hannah Fetter
Ashley Thomas
Mary Davies
Jana Moore
Anna Brown
Valerie Skakun
Newman Clarke
Wendy Isacsson
Daniell Kinder
Silver
Jim Gehret
Jennifer R M
Lesa Schultz
Michael Driscoll
Ryan DeMusis Leveillee
Nicholas Winningkoff
Devin
Sarah Puco
Allen Ekmark
Jessica lanyadoo
Lauren Samblanet
Lindsay Cruz
Rachel Mulder
Molly Freedenbebrg
Patricia crosley
Kathleen Turturice
carlomagno
Maggie Harding
Ethan Wagaman
Skyler Pia
Fiona Abbott
Amy Ruff
Jamie Main
Kate r
John zeising
Sara Phalen
Sophie Ciurlik Rittenbaum
Kaydx
Emily Howard
Natasha Ayaz
Kendra Gluck
E L
Anthony Ambrose
Kait Renna
Nicole Zender
J Kirkwood
Alexa Drouin
Siobhan O’Reilly
Dez
Ginger Golde
A Gilgrist
Andrew Shapiro
Haven McClure
Robin Morgan
Merry Palachek
Sam Herniman
Eileen Roney
MaryClaire B
Nicole Perrone
Justin Acheampong
Christina Connerton
Han Europa
Kristiina Eelnurme
Riley O’Brien
Keagan Autry
Erica Eustis
Christina Ruiz
Andrea Danger
Leon Morgan
Katy C
Isabella Montiel
Hiroko Kawana
Emily Anderson
sarah y gibson
Jenny Schlosser
Amber Gregory
Teri Rask
Sabrina Nunez
Erin Marsh
Ovaettr AKA Orion Fern
Heather Lobitz
Atlas VanZanten
Milena Weisenborn
Tracey Canino
Jason M. Sullivan
James G. Lertola
Evelyn E Dial
Helen E. Stickney
Sara Mann
Nicole Lieu
Molly l
Dan Corfman
Alyson Hardwick
dana b
Sr Rhodes
Christy Stensland-Mains
Vania Sotolongo
Whitney
Kerri Johnson
Julia Montgomery
Otto Norton
Dan Bernstein
Beatrice Young
Claire Pan
Joan De Lurio
Lexine Pishue
Taylor Fontaine
Sheff Sheffield
Gwendolyn Hill
Michelle Bobier
Kelly
Jon Lesher
Laura O’Neal
David Zinder
Thomas Lee
Sheila Zeidman
Alison Lemer
Emily Paterson
Kelsey Funkhouser, PhD
Susan Trotz
Adrienne M
Kaila Trawitzki
M.D. Gobler
Rae M.
Jessica Washnis
Michael Baginski
J Sauceda
Greg Wolfe
Neeley Searl
Mark Dixon
Casey Daubert
Anton H. Rae
Anya Klepacki
Giulietta
Kevin Woida
Samantha Eyster
Lillian Medville
Christine Prell
Tanner Fox
Mace Sciera
Jacob
Steph Sybert
Jasmin
Francisco Eraso
Katelyn Lipton
Alexis Troll
Keely B.
Rian S
Amrita
katya
Lila Pierce
Maureen Dee
Alyssa Moncure
lucinda stroud
K Horowitz
Lily
Deborah Maddox
Ashley Gregory, LMFT
Leslie T
Adrian Lee Brown
Brianna Kratz
sally greenhouse
Jennifer R
V Wong
Delilah Harris
Gina Wallin
denzil
Heather Booth
Sarah Robbiano
Constanza Granja
Margaret Henderson
Hannah W
M Cleaveland
Adam O’Connor
Aubree Bernier-Clarke
Katharine Huseby
Kelsey Fong
Emma Kane
Flavia Martinez
Calixte Sifuentes-Morgan
Kelly Stover
Pamela MacKay, RN
Brian Stan
Tiffany Do
Jennifer Brown
Katherine Bentley
Cassandra Morris
Elizabeth Idris
Tania Lizarazo
Ardis K. Smith
Ray Perov
Ayoola White
Sarah Jane T. Larkspur
Katharine Huseby
Pamela Lewis
Marjorie Forbes
Christine Zardecki
Maureen McKinney
Lisa R. HIrsch
J Liu
P Lewis
Nicole R.
Zoya Melkova
Maura Lentini
Heather Benfield
Lotz
Austin Bridger Robinson
Mitzie McElhaney,RN
E.S.Greenhouse
Adrienne McLeod
Brezlyn Stork
Wendy Baker
Arielle Sorenson
kathleen devereaux
Ashlee Rollins
Mikayla Damon
Tania Powers
Cassidy Loyd
Alyssa Moncure
- Lano
Noreen Shaughnessy
Leticia Urieta
Daniella Tiranno
Roma-Jerome Jackson, Special Education Case Manager, Teacher, & Administrador
Hannah Sullivan
Claudio Gómez-Gonzáles
Moxie Hesli, long Covid survivor
Eli Hurwitz, Direct Support Professional for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities
James Burvant
Laura Marini, Medical Case Manager
NGKendall
Alyssa Sileo
Riley A
Maria Alithinos
Jeff Kidman
Susan Blumberg-Kason
Lily Marks, New York State Public Servant
Barbara Kantor
Rhea Finn
Matthew Wilkinson
Sonia Nayak, PhD
Seven Blond
Martha Burwell, M.S.c, Social Scientist, community organizer, and immunocompromised person
Aaron F. Johnson
Edward G. Dingilian
Simone Hetherington
Nathaniel Lenington
Forrest Fleagle
Joseph Sheridan
Caroline O’Hara
Brenda D. Harris
Heather A Miller
Krista Nelson
Babette Lazarus
Shielding Cournoyer
Mary Kay Mann
Rich Lague
Avery Hayes
Chantal Longobardi
Jordan D’Addeo
Stephanie Cartwright-Karlsson
Margo Harvey
Elisabeth Williams
Araceli Estrada
G Miller
Mona Kanin
Valerie Wald
Ubarri
Genevieve Maxwell
Danielle Klein
Mel Cave
Deb Arsenault
Elena L.
Brayan Zambrano
Devan McGirr
Christel Adina Loar
Sara
Laura Weiss
Lois Ventura
Harry Hochheiser
Sam E Rosenthal
Georgia Zarifes
Molly
Shawn Meijer
Lauren Florek
Mariam Rahman
Scott V.
Dat Luu
AJ Cho
Julie Rolla
kitzmiller
Jack Sanders
Dr. Judi Berzon
Bobbi
Yelena Katic
Katie H.
Heather Booth
Mitzie McElhaney, RN
Kayleigh
Robert Tefft
Katherine Angus
Rosemarie Polinski
Dr. Heather A. Hartel
Lisa Gibson
Peter Kolias
John
Helen Hazi
Barbara Rigney-Hill
Caleb Wetzel
Cary H. Hart
Lesly Michals
Cheri Pollack
Abby Rhinehart
Rich Lague, Public Health Advocate
Natasha Japp, MD
Rebekah Grace Potts, Public Health Advocate
Reema Sweidan, Public Health Advocate
Dr. Caroline Wellman
Monica Allen
Jazmin Raymond
Andrea Taglieri
Rhonda Heatley
nina lyons
Kathy Cook
Sarah Borger
James Falek
Shelby Wayment
Larisa Brown
Lani Boschulte, B.A., Public health advocate
Kathleen Turturice
Grayson Breen MSW, LSW, PEL:SSW
Rachel Eaton
Katie R Hoag
Gayle Miller
L. McCarthy
Thomas J Lee
Linda Brown
Lyndsey Ellis
Laura Gluckman, MAT
Heather A Miller
Lois Keener Ventura
Emily Fern Dayton
Bronwen C Cosaro
Lilli Lindbeck, CPC
Montgomery Cook
Tosha Blackburn
Mary Zottoli, M.A.
David E Pike
Alison Murray
Antonio Buehler
Julie S. Lam, Founder, MaskTogetherAmerica
Daniel Kaplan
Jess Reid
Caitlin McAuliffe
Kyra English
Sarah Martin, M.A., Educational Psychology
Sunil Gupta PhD
Hope Ontiveros, Public Health Advocate
Pamela MacKay, RN (Peri-Op, PACU, Risk Management)
James MacKay (Airline Captain)
Jordan D’Addeo
Elizabeth Sackett
Giselle Ordaz
Jane Brod, retired Psychologist, MS+90
Sophia Cain
Jessica Lynn Perez
Mark Hensman
Katharine Huseby
Megan McCammond
Matthew Lindell
Stephanie Eves
Angela Bartholomaus
Natasha Watson
Jin Mendoza, Medical Case Manager
Heather M. Bartleson
Lee Rogoff
Gary R Goin MD
Ashley Hendrickson
Alejandra Bellavance
Oriene Shiel, Clinical Research Assistant
Ziad El-Rady
Colin B. Denney, Ph.D., Clinical Psychologist
Cristina Davis
AJ Hebard, MEd.
Samwise Rowe
Constanza Granja
Kris Gilbert
robert i lichtenfels
Paula Krick
Tomelene Montgomery
Emily Rodriguez
Rachel Porter
Norma Lee Chartoff
Letitia Dace
Kay Tousley
Kendra Gluck
Monica Onyszko
Daniel Townsend
Susan Rainey
Cathleen Nardo
Margaret J Miller
Jamie Sanin, Founder, Celebrate845
Sharona C
Brian Gillespie
Orville D. Mansfield II
Mary Bottom
Isabel Caparros
Judy Smith
Karen Modell
Darrah Isaacson
Christine Rehwinkel
Ms. Josephine Monaco
Katie Bogue
Margaret Cohen
Cynthia Lee, BS, Chair – AFSCME UMN Health & Safety Committee; Staff (13 yr) – IACUC UMN
Cathie Karas, Mask Together America
Nic Paredes
Cora Smith, Citizen
Charlie Liu Guillotin
Angela Shenk
Aurora Beckett
Diane McHale
Sarah M Hersh
Julia Montgomery
Micaela R. Evans
Patricia Sheehy
MaryAnn H Smith, Math and Chemistry Teacher
Susan Musche’
Rainie Oet
Paige Halligan, M.Ed.
Isabella Baldauf
Keely Kolmes, Psy.D. Psychologist
Fenra Bondarenko, Concerned Citizen
Maura O’Sullivan
Korrigan Craig-Muncy
Kat Kahnert-Wolchak
David Antonio Diaz
Joseph Romeo
Pantea Javidan
Amanda DeMichele
Jerielle Morwitz
Alexandra Lorenz
Melissa Minkoff, M.A., Public Health Advocate
Lyric Ballard
Jack Wiant
Emily Damelio
kumari Greer
Catherine E. Kirkland, Ph.D., Disability Advocate
Barbara Bolling
Rachel Wolf
Joshua Smith
Lisa R. Hirsch
Shomari Jahi
Maya Murphy
Charles Scott, Professor Emeritus, City University of New York
AJ Cho, civilian supporter of COVID research and advocacy
Laura Wakeland
David Carr
Lisa Pfost
Ann H. Hunter
S Again
Rachel Adelson
Dr Joanne M Cafiero, PhD
Catherine Tetrick, Concerned immunocompromised patient
Kayleigh Mader
Brenda Ekstrom
Shannon Regan
Chelby Roberts
Emily Richey-Stavrand
Dawn Shay
Pat Pellicano
Sara Althoff
Makenzie Belmore
Emily Bingham
Helen Richardson
Julia F., MS, essential worker
Axl Harraden
Nicole Evelyn Matz
Jason Crowder, Public Health Advocate
Liza May, MSc
sarolta cump
Eleanor Nettleton LMT
Melissa Brainerd
Giselle Tinsley
moriah engelberg
Eden Schulz, MA, disabled community member
Ashley Lara
Dan Trumans
Kelly Riely
Fiona Kavanaugh Collie
Penny Mayo
Meryll Gobler, MA, LMFT, Psychotherapist
Susan J Buchanan
Angela Jarman
Lauren Strull
Oliver Minor
Benjamin Strull
Kaila Trawitzki, Public Health Advocate
Jeff Benner
Jessica Story-Johnson, Fuquay Varina, NC
Janice M Cavanaugh
Marjorie Forbes (retired) RN and LCSW
Sarah Canoy
Barbara Clark
Elizabeth Roberts
Vanessa Bittinger
Joan Sorensen
Anya Cherneff, M.A., Disability Justice Advocate
Andrea Alegre
James Wagner
Amanda Habel
Silvia R Cianzio
Deborah Freed
Amanda Jokerst, Clinical Herbalist, Fertility Awareness Educator, LMT
Grace Montemar, Public Health Advocate
Avis Olsen
John Daniello
Roberta Pyzel
Claudia Leung
Lauren Washington
Emily Mervosh
Anna Solovyev
Cynthia Millin MD
Catherine Salvatorelli
Lindsey Maraskine RDH
Krista Eduarte
Anastasia Dunaway
John shaginaw
Lenni Shea, MA, SUDP, LMHCA
Alana Coons
Jasmine Baraoidan
Nicolette Mansour
S Solim
Sidney Dawkins, BS Neuroscience and Psychology
Wendy De Augustine
Mona Wimmer
Michelle Viengvilay
Veronica Dawn Smith , NAMI volunteer
Shielding Cournoyer
Janet O’Dea
Beth Meerschaert
Katie Trumpener, PhD, Professor, Yale University
Judith Senecal
Manal Vishnoi
Annie Fox
Heather Bartleson
Georgia Bellas
Karl Hildenbrand
E Mitchell
Joy Sherfey
Sally Greenhouse
Mariana Harms
Charu Patel
Alexis A Petric-Black
Erin M O’Brien
Kathryn F Braemer
Audra Kempkes
Kristina Olegario Loy
Amy Iannone
Kira Meskin Schiff, OTD, OTR/L
Alex Hwee
Emmeline McManus
Julie A Woods
Roman Imperatore
Ell Kaye
Rebecca Flor
Kaylee Hester, PA-C
Q Garcia
Nik Pineda
David Jason Arizaga, BA, food service 7 years experience
Jane Ritchie, Mom to two young children, wife to small business owner
Caitlin Owens
Katherine Thompson
Elyse rood
Carol Weinstein
Marianne DeVito, B.A.
Jaclyn Mamuzich
Vanessa Upton
Cristina Burghardt
Bonnie I. Handy, MSW
Ashley Burchett-Overholt, Sarasota, FL
Ariel Kates
Jonathan Huff
Will M Carlstrom
Aviella Rose
Gabrielle Knight
Parker
Nicholas Winningkoff
Edward Pohl
Andrew MacKenzie
Teri Jo Rask
Gloria Maciejewski, Community member serving the general public
Addie Kugler-Lunt
Sabrina Rivas
Jeanine Hays, J.D.
Reena Spansail
Dana
Dee Sith
Sarah R Brownell
Laura Weiss
Alma Bartholow
Araceli Estrada
dylan colt
John R. Roten
Joshua T Sutcliffe
Leo Liu
Jessica Egyhazi, MBC
Ryan Kim
Marian Wiesler
Katheryn Hout
Ryder Phoenix
Cassie Marshall
Betsy Lundsten
Kathy Cook
Caitlin McKenna
Jamie Hunstad, OTR
Augustine Angel
Phoebe McGowa
Raymond Fendrick
Joseph Miller
Anna Jensen
Brayan Zambrano
Jacob Soetaert
Cheryl Karsten
Amrita George, B.S. Research Technician
Melanie Gaudet
Paige Schultz
Susan L Collicott
nina lyons
Katherine Gelsey
Jennie zayas
Natasha Ayaz
Curtis C. Chen
Maya White-Lurie, teacher
Annabelle Lutz
Bonnie Fernandes
Amanda Wodzinski, OTR/L
Ryan Souder, Ypsilanti, MI
Allysa Evans
Cristy Yeung
Young
Alden Lobosco
Olivia Spencer
Georgia Sedillo
Patrick Perini
Phoenix Duke
Kyle Dzintars, MS, LMHC, Mental Health Counselor
Tania Castro-Daunais
Summer Begnaud
Maura Lentini
Spencer J Norris, Public Health Advocate
Francesca di Nascosto
Laura Perez
Ann E Norris
Lauren Galant Rurkowski
Jin Kim
Heather Benfield
Lili McCormack
Dioneli Guardado
So Mak
Bailey Smith, MS LMHC
Carly Zuckweiler, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Stephanie Gonzales, Artist
Minh-Tam Pham
Felicia Cordero
Lauren Leavell , Certified Personal Trainer
Maxwell Guttman
Nick Melander
Gina Figalore
Nettle Turner
Michelle Rochniak, Public Health Advocate
Jasmine Shah, student (BA candidate in cognitive science and evolutionary biology)
Peter B. Basinski, ace
Angela Gomez, RDN
Heather Lobitz
Julia Whitesell
Elena Bielesz
Larry Hau
Kourtney Smith
Alexandra Antioco
Jerry Buchko, MA, AFC
Ava Westervelt
Adrienne Rozells
Nathanael Nerode
allium sunshine, healthcare worker and peer support specialist
Cass Simons
Jae Foxglove
Catherine Wells, Mental Health Counselor
Katie Stitzer
Susan Asato
Nicole Thomte
Finnegan Newton
Courtney Haworth, LMSW, MDiv, PhD student
Bianca DelVecchio
Keely Brennan
Alex Hansen
Frances Rove
Trishia Maruri
James S Mulcare
Michael Askren, Public Health Advocate
Mark Hayduke Grenard
Jessica Sachs
Andrea Jacobson, MPH Candidate at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Brian Still
Lisa Woods, Massachusetts
Jonathan Sweeney
Joseph Pincus
Jessi Presley-Grusin, MFA, disability justice advocate
Francis weidinger
craig clark
Alex C.
Diane Kamarembo
Ashley Rice, Public Advocate
Sarah Hale-Meador
stacie hipp
Nicole Evans, MFA
Christina Cronin-Vejar
Sam Wrigglesworth, MFA candidate, The Ohio State University
Chyla Graham
Caroline Hollahan, MPH(c)
Susan Nossal, Ph.D.
Evelyn Wightman
Teri Jo Rask
Donna Kaiser
Monica Leys, M.S., Physics PhD Student
Makayla Webb
Nerissa Osby MA Sociology
Maria Alithinos
Briana Mills
B.
Mary
Jeffrey J Miller
Cathy Cowan Becker
Wendy L Williams
Jenny Churchill
Aubrie Cooper
Victoria Copeland
Kevin Wyatt-Stone
Lois Truby
Sarah H
Gretchen Bickert
Olivia Myers
Melanie Thomas
Linda Fertal
K.V. Cantrell
Gracie Regala
Jennifer Cross
Angela Shenk, Esq.
Doug Tarnopol
Amanda Glassman
Suzen Moffatt
Michael Savage
Norma Lee Chartoff
Janice Cavanaugh
Sierra Weir
Wil Thieme
Simone McNeil
Richard Gardner
Jessica Holton
Rev. Criss Ittermann, LF
Joshua Roman
Briana Mackay
Jennifer Nunez
Hannah Tralka
John Meszaros
Molly Gordon
Rebecca Subar
Lauren Seserko
Lani Boschulte
Fatima bint Marco al-Paredes
J Takane
Penny Mayo
R West
Jackie Cartwright
Stephen Braunstein
Ben Calderwood
Jamie Sanin
Celebrate
Melissa H.
Regina MacRae
Jim Friscia
Dena Strong
Jayne S
Emily Fraser
Cook
LA Pettengill
Jef Kinney
Natalia Thompson
Kaveh Azadmanesh
John D. Holst
Kelly Edmunds
Michele Manber
Megan Cunningham
Sara Bear
Addison Benya
Jean Wolitzer
Claire O’Brocta
Luis Felipe Martinez
Anne E Wallick-Bauhof
Karla Barton
Adeline Wu
Patricia Tobin
Ms Elaine Lee
V Johnson
John shaginaw
Jan Perozeni, RN
Sonia Hamilton
Brittany Scheiner
Teresa O’Mara, LCSW
Wolf C. Edwards
Carrie Knight
Henry Kaiser
Reid A Gilsdorf
Carmen F
Jynx macTavish
Gabriella P.
Eric Ratner
Emily Martin-Hondros
ani Ibarra
Chanelle McCluer, LMSW
Heidi Kushious
Gregg Rice
Douglas Coull
Ennis Glendon
Elizabeth Fels-McDowell
Horne, Holly Public Health Advocate
Patty Carlson
Sanan Engel
Brezlyn Stork
Kurt A. Fisher, private citizen
Susan Trotz
Jordan Menter
Phoenix Lee
Elaine Kaneshige
Jennifer Nunez
Debbie Paperman
Louise Anderson
Brittany N. Meyer, Public Health Advocate
angie perry
McKenzie Stribich
Susan Cornutt
Michela Gray
Deborah Conley
Cora Thompson, Long Covid Patient, Disability Awareness
Anthony thompson
Suzanne K. Pilnick
Debra A Farmer
Gordon Leacock
Mamie Lai
Alexandria Burchett
Layla Anousheh
Kathleen Devereaux
Janet Campbell
Emily Martin-Hondros, Ph.D.
- Respiratory Virus Guidance. Published March 6, 2024. Accessed March 7, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/guidance/respiratory-virus-guidance.html
- Puhach O, Meyer B, Eckerle I. SARS-CoV-2 viral load and shedding kinetics. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(3):147-161. doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00822-w
- Frediani JK, Parsons R, McLendon KB, et al. The New Normal: Delayed Peak SARS-CoV-2 Viral Loads Relative to Symptom Onset and Implications for COVID-19 Testing Programs. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2024;78(2):301-307. doi:10.1093/cid/ciad582
- Background for CDC’s Updated Respiratory Virus Guidance | Respiratory Illnesses | CDC. Published March 5, 2024. Accessed March 23, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/background/index.html
- Johansson MA, Quandelacy TM, Kada S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4(1):e2035057. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.35057
- Funk A, Florin TA, Kuppermann N, et al. Household Transmission Dynamics of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2–Infected Children: A Multinational, Controlled Case-Ascertained Prospective Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Published online March 26, 2024:ciae069. doi:10.1093/cid/ciae069
- Andersen M, Maclean JC, Pesko MF, Simon K. Does paid sick leave encourage staying at home? Evidence from the United States during a pandemic. Health Economics. 2023;32(6):1256-1283. doi:10.1002/hec.4665
- Ajufo E, Rao S, Navar AM, Pandey A, Ayers CR, Khera A. U.S. population at increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2021;6:100156. doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100156
- Jirmanus L, Valenti R, Schwartzman EG, et al. Too Many Deaths, Too Many Left Behind: A People’s External Review of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s COVID-19 Pandemic Response. AJPM Focus. Published online February 24, 2024. doi:10.1016/j.focus.2024.100207
- CDC. Trends in United States COVID-19 Hospitalizations, Deaths, Emergency Department (ED) Visits, and Test Positivity by Geographic Area. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published March 28, 2020. Accessed March 7, 2024. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#trends_weeklydeaths_select_00
- Thaweethai T, Jolley SE, Karlson EW, et al. Development of a Definition of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA. Published online May 25, 2023. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.8823
- Household Pulse Survey. Accessed March 24, 2024. https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/hhp/#/?measures=LONGCOVID_1
- Long COVID – Household Pulse Survey – COVID-19. Accessed March 12, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/long-covid.htm
- Bowe B, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Nat Med. 2022;28(11):2398-2405. doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02051-3
- Razzaghi H, Forrest CB, Hirabayashi K, et al. Vaccine Effectiveness Against Long COVID in Children. Pediatrics. Published online March 8, 2024:e2023064446. doi:10.1542/peds.2023-064446
- Vaccination Trends—Adults. Published February 14, 2024. Accessed March 7, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/data-research/dashboard/vaccination-trends-adults.html
- Vaccination Trends—Children. Published February 14, 2024. Accessed March 7, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/data-research/dashboard/vaccination-trends-children.html
- Yousaf AR. Notes from the Field: Surveillance for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children — United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024;73. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7310a2
- Levy ME, Burrows E, Chilunda V, et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antiviral Prescribing Gaps Among Nonhospitalized High-Risk Adults. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Published online January 3, 2024:ciad796. doi:10.1093/cid/ciad796
- Charness ME, Gupta K, Stack G, et al. Rebound of SARS-CoV-2 Infection after Nirmatrelvir–Ritonavir Treatment. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;387(11):1045-1047. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2206449
- CDC. Trends in United States COVID-19 Hospitalizations, Deaths, Emergency Department (ED) Visits, and Test Positivity by Geographic Area. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published March 28, 2020. Accessed March 23, 2024. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#trends_weeklyhospitaladmissions_select_00
- Older Adults Now Able to Receive Additional Dose of Updated COVID-19 Vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published March 1, 2024. Accessed March 23, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2024/s-0228-covid.html
- Xie Y, Choi T, Al-Aly Z. Long-term outcomes following hospital admission for COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza: a cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2023;24(3):239-255. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00684-9